Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. Although it is not yet fully understood, we know that specific changes occur in the brain tissue causing a loss of neurons in important areas. It is thought that the cause is multifactorial, meaning that different factors are probably involved such as genes, age and cardiovascular risk factors. 

People with Alzheimer’s disease:

• Have memory lapses. They can forget names or what they were about to buy. They typically repeat themselves (asking the same questions on and on).
• Find it difficult to solve problems, understand numbers or draw conclusions.
• Lose judgment. They may no dress accordingly to weather conditions. They may give excessive gifts, buy more many things than needed or hire unnecessary services.
• Misplace objects, sometimes leaving them in awkward places (e.g., clothes in the freezer).
• Become disoriented in familiar places.
• Struggle for communicating and participating in conversations. They may no find the words or use the wrong words. 
• Show behavioral changes. They may lose initiative, become more dull or sad, lose interest, become more isolated, experience changes in sleep pattern, become suspicious or more irritable (or even aggressive) …

For the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, a specialized assessment by a doctor is necessary. The information provided by the patient’s entourage is very relevant because the affected person tends to underestimate the deficit. 

The physician will take the medical history, perform a physical and neurological examination, pass a cognitive test to measure mental skills, and request blood tests to rule out other causes. In case of doubt, brain imaging could be requested to increase diagnosis certainty.

According to the stage of the disease, treatment will be initiated to slow down progression. In early stages, cholinesterase inhibitors are indicated (donepezil, galantamine or rivastigmine), and in more advanced stages, memantine is usually preferred.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is caused by abnormal deposits of a protein inside neurons. These deposits, also found in Parkinson’s disease, are called Lewy bodies.

Two out of 10 cases of dementia are due to DLB, although it is estimated that there may be more. Most cases occur in people with no family history.

Why and how the Lewy bodies alter the brain function is not fully understood. We know that Lewy bodies develop over years, even way back before the symptoms begin. 

Lewy bodies gather in areas of the brain that are responsible for thinking, movement and visual perception. When the thinking area is first affected, the condition is called dementia with Lewy bodies. When the areas responsible for movement are first affected, the condition is called Parkinson’s disease.

People with dementia with Lewy bodies:

• May have visual perception disturbance. They can confuse shadows for other things.
• May see things that are not really there (animals, people…), especially at nighttime.
• May be convinced that they are being robbed, that there are intruders in the house, that their partner is unfaithful or that a family member has been replaced by an impostor.
• May struggle staying awake. 
• May act out their dreams by moving, screaming or kicking. 
• May have trouble moving (stiffness, shuffling, tremor…)
• May lose interest and initiative.
• May be depressed or anxious.

Diagnosis is based on clinical history, physical and neurological examination and assessment of the mental abilities with a test. The physician will ask for a blood test to rule out other problems and, may order a brain imaging test to increase diagnostic certainty.

There is no specific treatment for DLB. Drugs for Alzheimer’s disease may improve some of the cognitive symptoms such as alertness and hallucinations. Antipsychotics are poorly tolerated and have risks in this population; therefore, their use is restricted. Much of the approach to these patients relies on behavioral strategies, which improve quality of life for them and their caregivers.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of disorders that affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, resulting in a loss of neurons in these areas.

It usually develops earlier than Alzheimer’s disease, between the ages of 45 and 65. This generates great challenges because, at that age, most of the people work and have obligations (family, economic…)

There are different types of FTD:

1. Behavioral variant: This is the most frequent type. It manifests with loss of interest and initiative, loss of empathy, lack of consideration for others, loss of inhibition, increased impulsivity, inappropriate behaviors, repetitive compulsive behaviors, changes in eating habits (binge eating or craving for carbohydrates) and neglect of personal hygiene.
2. Language variants (primary progressive aphasia): These types are characterized by language impairment.

It seems that there is relationship between FTD and some movement disorders. The natural evolution of the disease is progressive impairment of the person’s overall functioning, leading to increasing dependence. The speed of progression depends on the type of FTD.

The causes behind FTD are not known. Genetic factors may play a role.

The diagnosis of FTD is based on clinical history and neurological and neuropsychological examination findings. In doubtful cases, the study can be extended with complementary tests such as brain imaging.

To this day, there is no cure FTD. However, habit change and some medications may relieve the symptoms.

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease.

In vascular dementia, the brain is damaged because the oxygen supply to the nerve cells is diminished. This occurs when blood flow in the brain is interrupted.

The cerebral vascular system is the vessel network that carries oxygen and nutrients to the neurons through blood. Some conditions, such as arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure and diabetes can contribute to the network disfunction. Issues in a vessel (due to narrowing, obstruction or rupture) reduces the blood flow in the brain region supplied by it, and this can yield to unreversible damage. 

Each area in the brain is responsible for a specific function. Therefore, depending on the location and size of the damage (due to reduced blood supply) the symptoms will be of one kind or another, and will be more or less severe.

Symptoms of vascular dementia are varied. Typically, there may be slowing of mental processing, memory lapses and cognitive rigidity. There may be mood changes, slowing of movements and clumsiness of gait. Symptoms of vascular dementia may come on gradually or all at once.

The vascular risk factors increase the risk of vascular dementia. Some of them cannot be modified, such as advanced age, gender and history of vascular disease. However, other factors can be controlled. These are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol intake, smoking, drug use, sleep apnea, overweight and stress. It is important to detect the modifiable risk factors in time in order to manage them and reduce the risk for vascular dementia.

The diagnosis of vascular dementia is based on clinical history, physical and neurological examination and cognitive testing. Laboratory tests and brain imaging tests such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are typically requested.

Treatment of vascular dementia is aimed at improving cognitive symptoms with cholinesterase inhibitors and preventing from future events. Established brain injury cannot be reversed, but the risk for further damage can be reduced.

Lifestyle habit modification like quitting substance use and starting physical exercise is key to the management of the risk factors. There are also treatments that make the blood more fluid, treatments that help control blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels. Sometimes, procedures like endarterectomy or angioplasty may be necessary to improve blood flow in the carotid arteries. In case of mood impairment, antidepressants may be indicated.